TBML involves manipulating trade transactions—such as over- or under-invoicing and using shell companies—to conceal illicit funds. Its detection is challenging for financial institutions due to limited knowledge of trade practices and cross-border operations. • TBTF uses trade transactions to secretly fund terrorism, often avoiding detection. Warning signs include unusual trade patterns and connections to high-risk jurisdictions. SBML exploits legal and professional services to obscure illicit funds through complex structures. Detection is complicated by the intangible nature of services and potential misuse of client confidentiality…
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