GI‑TOC’s report ‘Mapping the Landscape of the Global Scam Centre Phenomenon’ exposes scam hubs exploiting 300K+ victims from 66+ countries, driving $64B in annual fraud

These operations rely heavily on trafficked and coerced individuals, while benefiting from a “glocal” model that combines local enablers—such as corruption, weak governance, and access to infrastructure—with global networks, technology, and crime-as-a-service tools. Highly adaptable and low-cost to establish, scam centres can quickly relocate and expand into new regions, supported by sophisticated financial systems involving cryptocurrencies, mule accounts, and shell companies to launder illicit proceeds. Closely intertwined with human trafficking, money laundering, and other organised crimes…